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Monday, April 27, 2009

Perdagangan Karbon Bisa Membantu Indonesia Melindungi Hutan

Feb. 7 (Bloomberg) — Perdagangan karbon kemungkinan akan diterapkan pertama kalinya untuk menolong desa-desa di Indonesia untuk melestarikan hutan sebagai bagian dari usaha global untuk menghentikan deforestasi yang mempercepat perubahan iklim.

Dalam suatu rencana yang akan diumumkan hari ini (Kamis, 7 Februari) untuk menyelamatkan hutan Ulu Masen di Provinsi Aceh, Indonesia, sekitar $26 juta pendapatan dari penjualan kredit karbon akan diberikan pada desa-desa untuk menghentikan penebangan pohon-pohon. Usulan tersebut bergantung pada penjualan kredit-kredit kepada perusahaan-perusahaan dan perorangan yang ingin mengofset emisi dan memperbaiki reputasi lingkungan mereka. Kredit-kredit itu berharga $4 hingga $8 untuk setiap ton pengurangan pencemaran.

Belum ada kesepakatan internasional untuk menghargai negara-negara berkembang dalam usaha mereka menghentikan pembakaran hutan yang menyumbangkan sekitar 20 persen terhadap emisi pemanasan global, kata John-O Niles, pejabat kebijakan dan ilmiah untuk Carbon Conservation, sponsor dari projek itu. Projek Ulu Maen ini, yang akan mengurangi emisi sebesar 100 juta ton selama 30 tahun, mungkin bisa meyakinkan para pengkritik bahwa menyelamatkan hutan bisa memperlambat pemanasan global, kata Niles.

“Ada manfaat yang besar bagi komunitas global dan atmosfir untuk mempertahankan hutan yang ada,” kata Halldor Thorgeirsson, kepala perdagangan emsisi UN FCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) dalam suatu wawancara. “Adalah penting bahwa nilai usaha itu ditransfer kepada orang-orang yang membuat keputusan di lapangan.”

Rencana pelestarian Ulu Masen akan mengurangi emisi setara dengan keluaran gas rumah kaca Meksiko, kata Niles. Ini merupakan projek pertama yang menghindari deforestasi yang memenuhi standar yang ditetapkan oleh Arlington, yaitu Aliansi Keaneragaman Hayati, Komunitas dan Iklim yang berpangkalan di Virginia, untuk menjamin kerdit-kredit karbon yang dapat diperdagangkan.

Konversi Energi
Pohon-pohon menyimpan karbon dioksida yang digunakan untuk mengubah energi cahaya menjadi energi kimia. Menurut PBB, deforestasi merupakan sumber emisi karbon terbesar ketiga setelah pemakaian bahan bakar fosil dan operasi industri.

Mengurangi emisi dengan menyelamatkan hutan merupakan sebuah prioritas pada konferensi Bali bulan Desember 2007. Bank Dunia telah meluncurkan program pendanaan untuk menolong negara-negara berkembang memantau pengurangan emisi dan memasarkan emisi itu, kata Werner Kornexl, spesialis teknis senior Bank Dunia.

“Yang kami ingin lakukan dalam kemitraan ini adalah mematok langkah-langkah untuk permintaan pasar yang lebih besar,” kata Kornexl. “Ada minat luas untuk ini.”

Minat terhadap kredit dari projek seperti Ulun Masen ini tergantung pada standar-standar yang “menjamin bahwa aksi sungguh-sungguh nyata,” kata Elliot Diringer, direktur strategis internasional pada Pew Center on Global Climate Change, yang berpusat di Virginia.

‘Aksi Lebih Nyata’
“Hutan merupakan sumber besar emisi dan ada hasrat negara-negara yang memiliki hutna tropis untuk melakukan aksi yang lebih nyata,” kata Diringer.

Projek Ulu Masen disertifikasi oleh Climate, Community & Biodiversity Alliance yang melibatkan NGO seperti The Nature Conservancy dan the Rainforest Alliance, dan perusahaan seperti Weyerhaeuser Co. Sertifikasi ini mengisyaratkan bahwa projek tersebut “sangat mungkin” menghasilkan kredit-kredit mulai pada tahun 2009, kata Niles.

Para sponsor berharap mengurangi logging sebesar 85% di Ulu Masen, yang akan menghasilkan kredit 3.3 juta ton karbon per tahun, kata Niles. Pada harga projeksi sebesar $5 per ton, kredit akan menghasilkan $16.5 juta.

Desa-desa lokal akan menerima pembayaran kalau mereka bisa membuktikan bahwa pohon-pohon mereka belum ditebang. Kemajuan akan dipantau di lapangan oleh penjaga hutan dan dari udara melalui citra satelit. Pembayaran akan mencapai $26 juta selama lima tahun pertama.

Risiko Investor
“Pembayaran ini didasarkan atas capaian,” kata Durbin. Sertifikasi pada standar-standar aliansi juga menjamin keuntungan komunitas dan keanekaragaman hayati, seperti menjaga habitat binatang liar dan pasokan air besih, kata Duncan Marsh, direktur kebijakan iklim internasional pada the Arlington-based Nature Conservancy. Hutan Ulu Masen merupakan tempat tinggal gajah Sumatra, harimau sumatera, orang hutam, dan clouded leopard.

“Aspek masyarakat dan keanekaragaman hayati merupakan daya tarik penting pagi para investor,” kata Masrh.

Investor akan fokus pada risiko, kata Marsh. Kredit-kredit untuk menghentikan deforestasi tidak bisa digunakan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan untuk memenuhi target polusi di bawah program gas rumah kacan Uni Eropa atau oleh negara-negara di bawah Protokol Kyoto, persetujuan internasional untuk membatasi gas-gas pemasanan global.

‘Tidak Ada Jaminan’
“Jika modal yang mereka tanam sekarang cocok untuk kredit dalam peraturan kepatuhan yang disepakati di masa depan, maka kredit-kredit akan lebih berharga lagi,” kata Marsh. “Tidak ada jaminan hal itu akan terjadi dan kredit-kredit itu mungkin akan terus memiliki nilai yang ditentukan oleh pasar bebas.”

Kredit-kredit karbon dari lahan energi angin dan energi surya yang diterima dalam program Eropa dan di bawah pakta Kyoto berharga 14.25 euro ($21.09) pada tanggal 5 Februari di pasar saham Nord Pool ASA di Lysaker, Norwegia. Perdagangan kredit dari projek-projek seperti Ulu Masen masih kecil, kata Jason Patrick, direktur pelayanan gas rumah kaca untuk broker kredit Evolution Market.

“Kita melihat evolusi lambat dari pandangan bahwa deforestasi tidak mungkin dihindari ke pandangan bahwa penghindaran deforestasi bisa menjadi bagian dari sistem kepatuhan,” kata Patrick. Kini kita menyaksikan “aktivitas spekulatif dalam projek-projek yang melibatkan pengihindaran deforestasi dengan harapan bahwa di masa depan akan ada semacam sistem kepatuhan yang harus diikuti.” (Situs Blooberg.com - Jim Efstathiou Jr.)

Use of Air Conditioners and the Greenhouse Effect


Autor: rsbombard



As the average temperature of the planet rises every year we also have started using the air conditioner more. The result is that we are heating up the environment even more. What happens is, whenever we turn on the air conditioner, it releases carbon into the air. And carbon has been identified as the element that insulates our planet and is a major contributor in global warming.

And if we are to believe recent studies, the worse is yet to come. Actually we have got into this vicious loop where the hotter it gets, the more of air conditioning we use, and consequently the earth gets even hotter.

If we look at the figures, we can understand that the average world temperature of the Earth has increased by 1 degree Fahrenheit in just the last century. Though it might sound minimal, it is actually a remarkable change. Scientists believe that much of this global warming can be attributed to the release of carbon dioxide and other green house gases which are released when we burn the conventional fossil fuels. What is being predicted is that the practice will continue for the coming years and it will only increase with time.

Compared to most other electric devices, the air conditioner consumes much more energy. So to keep the air conditioners running a lot of fossil fuels need to be used. Whenever you have your air conditioner working at full blast you should realize that you are contributing in your own way to the global warming.

If we account for all the power consumed by air conditioners alone across the country it would be something around half percent of the total energy that is used in by the United States. This seems a rather small figure. However, the problem is even half percent can make a serious contribution to the phenomenon of global warming.

Another problem is that the consumption of energy and hence the release of the greenhouse gases are not the same all over the country. So, particular areas are more affected than the rest.

Till the day we can use alternative forms of energy in a wide scale, turning on the air conditioner will always mean that the earth will be affected. The only way to limit the damage is by using high energy efficient air conditioners which require less power to run, and to keep the use of the air conditioners to the minimum level possible.

Warming Of The Arctic


Autor: Gordon_petten :: Views: 205 :: Send to Your Friends :: View PDF :: Print View


Science Daily has published The Arctic is warming much more rapidly than previously known, at nearly twice the rate as the rest of the globe, and increasing greenhouse gases from human activities are projected to make it warmer still, according to the findings of a 300-strong team of international scientists.

At the rate global warming is going, the Arctic is predicted to lose half of its summer ice as the century closes when temperature is projected to rise by another 4 to 7 degrees Celsius by year 2100. This melting is to include a sizeable section of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Major global impacts will be continued rise in sea-level and intensifying global warming, as per the final report of the ACIA or the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. The exercise was ordered by the Arctic Council, an executive body composed of the 8 eArctic nations, 6 indigenous POs or Peoples Organizations, and the IASC or the International Arctic Science Committee. The latter is a worldwide organization appointed by 18 national science institutes.

The assessment's report was first broadcast in detail at a symposium in Reykjavik, Iceland in November 9 to 12, 2004. ACIA's data were based on an average estimate of emissions of CO2 and other gases that aggravate the greenhouse effect in the years to come. The report also integrates results from 5 major climate simulations done by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or IPCC.

As Robert Corell, ACIA Chair mused, people in the Arctic are feelng the impacts of global warming as the Arctic is now seeing the fastest and extremely serious climate change. These are predicted to increase even more as the years roll by.

Here are some of the findings:

In the past 50 years, winter temperatures in Alaska, Western Canada and Eastern Russia have registered an increase of as much as 3 to 4 degrees Celsius. And in the next century, temperatures are projected to increase by

4 7 degrees Celsius or 7 13 degrees Fahrenheit.

As mentioned earlier, summer sea ice in the Arctic is seen to drop by 50% at the turn of the century. There is even a prediction of its almost complete disappearance which can kill ice living seals. This will prove too much for the indigenous peoples of the region. who depend on these animals for food.

Global warming increases melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet, increasing the rates at which sea levels rise. In the long run, Greenland will hold enough melted ice that sea level could rise to as much as 7 meters or 23 feet. The coastal towns around the Arctic now face the risk of erosion and flooding because of this.

The possibility of the extinction of some species of seals and polar bears is very evident.

Health and food security of the natives are also areas that can be affected. This poses a challenge on the other tribe's culture.

The Assessment has reported that many of the projected physical, ecological, social and economic changes have already commenced. A major goal of the ACIA is to determine variability of ultra violet radiation and its impact on society.

For the study, the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, hosted the ACIA Secretariat at was hosted at the International Arctic Research Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Funding for the Secretariat was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Global Warming And What You Can Do

Global Warming And What You Can Do


Autor: k_buchanan32 :: Views: 275 :: Send to Your Friends :: View PDF :: Print View

Directory Submission

Global warming is a problem faced by our entire society . Regardless of race, ethnicity, homeland, gender, and age, we are all responsible for helping our planet through this tough time. Soon, global warming will reach a tipping point in which there will be nothing that we can do to stop its harmful effects. By doing your part as a concerned citizen, there are some simple changes that you can make to help decrease the damage that you are doing to the planet's climate. Many things that you do in your every day life contribute to global warming, from making your morning commute to simply turning on a light switch. As a country, America produces the most greenhouse gases per year on the planet. It has been shown that the average American contributes 6.6 tons of greenhouse gas per year. These emissions have only increased since the early nineties, and we need to act now to help save our planet?

What can you do to help decrease your greenhouse emissions? By simply changing a few things in your lifestyle, you can help to decrease your greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 12,280 pounds per year. Following are some tips to helping the planet:

When buying electronic equipment, look for the ENERGY STAR label. These devices limit the use of power, thereby allowing you to cut consumption at least a little bit. Computers, fax machines, copy machines, and various other pieces of home office equipment can be found that are ENERGY STAR compliant.

Insulating your home can both reduce your energy bill and help the planet by using less power.

Fluorescent lights or ENERGY STAR lights can be purchased to bring down your electricity need.

Use low flow faucets in both your shower and your sink. If you can't purchase a new toilet, placing a brick in the back of your toilet tank can cut down on the amount of water used in your toilet, saving water.

When relocating, try to find a job close to your home. The very act of commuting is one of the biggest problems with global warming that we face, with suburban employees making hour-long commutes, draining our planet's oil supply and increasing greenhouse emissions. By carpooling 2 days a week, you can cut your greenhouse emissions by 1,590 pounds per year!

When purchasing a new vehicle, look for one with a high miles-per-gallon rating. Hybrids are ideal, but any car that consumes less gas is recommended.